Surface Anatomy
- Abdomen: regions (9) vs quadrants (4)
Anterior Abdominal Wall
- Layers of anterior abdominal wall
- Skin
- Superficial fascia
- Camper’s fascia–fatty layer
- Scarpa’s fascia – membranous layer
- External oblique muscle
- Internal oblique muscle
- Transversus abdominis muscle
- Transversalis fascia
- Parietal peritoneum
- Rectus abdominis muscle
- Tendinous intersections
- Linea alba
- Linea semilunaris
- Anterior and posterior aspects of the rectus sheath
- Arcuate line
- Iliohypogastric nerve (L1)
- Inferior epigastric artery & vein (Boundary of Hesselbach’s triangle)
Inguinal Region
- Inguinal ligament
- Inguinal canal
- Deep inguinal ring
- Superficial inguinal ring
- Ilioinguinal nerve (L1)
- Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve (L1/L2)
- Spermatic cord
- Round ligament of the uterus (remnant of the gubernaculum)
Scrotum:
- Dartos fascia and muscle
- Scrotal ligament (remnant of the gubernaculum)
- Scrotal septum
- Coverings of the spermatic cord
- External spermatic fascia
- Cremaster muscle and fascia
- Internal spermatic fascia
- Vas deferens (ductus deferens)
- Artery of the vas deferens
- Testicular artery
- Pampiniform plexus of veins
Testes:
- Tunica vaginalis
- Visceral layer
- Parietal layer
- Tunica albuginea
- Epididymis
- Tail
- Body
- Head
- Seminiferous tubules
Labium Majus
Abdominal Viscera in situ
- Stomach
- Liver
- Gallbladder
- Spleen
- Pancreas
- Small intestine
- Duodenum
- Jejunum
- Ileum
- Large intestine
- Cecum
- Appendix
- Ascending colon
- Right colic flexure (hepatic flexure)
- Transverse colon
- Left colic flexure (splenic flexure)
- Descending colon
- Sigmoid colon
- Rectum
Ligaments and Mesentery
- Peritoneum
- Visceral peritoneum
- Parietal peritoneum
- Falciform ligament
- Round ligament of liver (ligamentum teres hepatis)
- Greater omentum
- Lesser omentum
- Hepatogastric ligament (membranous)
- Hepatoduodenal ligament
- Transverse mesocolon
- Mesentery proper
- Root of the mesentery
- Mesoappendix
- Sigmoid mesocolon
- Lesser peritoneal sac (omental bursa)
Clinical Correlations
- McBurney’s point
- Types of herniation
- Umbilical
- Direct inguinal
- Indirect inguinal
- Femoral
- Ascites
- Hydrocele
- Hematocele
- Varicocele
- Cremasteric reflex
- Cancer of testis and scrotum