Surface Anatomy
- External occipital protuberance
- Mastoid processes
- Supraorbital margin
- Nasal bones
- Alveolar process of the maxillae and mandible
- Mental protuberance of the mandible
- Zygomatic bone
- Zygomatic arch
- Angle of the mandible
Osteology
- Pterygomaxillary fissure
- Sphenopalatine foramen
- Inferior orbital fissure
- Temporal fossa
- Temporomandibular joint
- Infratemporal fossa
- Superior- zygomatic arch superficially
- Lateral- ramus of the mandible
- Anterior- infratemporal surface of the maxilla
- Medial- lateral plate of the pterygoid process
- Roof- greater wing of the sphenoid bone
- Pterygopalatine fossa:
Muscles of facial expression
- Orbicularis oculi
- Orbital part
- Palpebral part
- Levator labii superioris
- Zygomaticus major
- Zygomaticus minor
- Risorius
- Levator anguli oris
- Buccinator
- Orbicularis oris
- Depressor anguli oris
- Depressor labii inferioris
- Mentalis
- Nasalis
- Corrugator supercilii
- Platysma
- Occipitofrontalis (comprised of frontalis and occipitalis mm.)
Muscles of mastication
- Masseter
- Temporalis
- Lateral pterygoid
- Medial pterygoid
Neurovasculature
- Facial nerve (CN VII)
- Temporal branch
- Zygomatic branch
- Buccal branch
- Marginal mandibular branch
- Cervical branch
- Posterior auricular branch
- Chorda tympani
- Trigeminal nerve (CN V) and Trigeminal ganglion
- Ophthalmic division (V1)
- Maxillary division (V2)
- Mandibular division (V3)
- Lingual nerve
- Auriculotemporal nerve
- Nerve to mylohyoid muscle
- Facial artery and vein
- Angular artery and vein
- Supraorbital nerve, artery, and vein
- Infraorbital nerve, artery, and vein
- Supratrochlear nerve, artery, and vein
- Infratrochlear nerve, artery, and vein
- Mental nerve, artery, and vein
- Great auricular nerve
- Lesser occipital nerve
- Greater occipital nerve
- External jugular vein
- External carotid artery
- Internal carotid artery
- Internal jugular vein
- Retromandibular vein
- Maxillary artery and vein
- Inferior alveolar nerve, artery, and vein
- Deep temporal artery
- Middle meningeal artery
- Sphenopalatine artery
- Greater and lesser palatine arteries
- Ophthalmic artery
- Superficial temporal artery and vein
- Occipital artery and vein
- Posterior auricular artery and vein
- Cavernous sinus
- Pterygoid plexus
- Pterygopalatine ganglion
- Otic ganglion
- Superior and inferior ophthalmic veins
- Emissary veins
Scalp
- Skin
- Connective tissue (adipose and fibrous septa)
- Aponeurosis
- Loose areolar connective tissue
- Pericranium
- Occipitofrontalis muscle
Parotid Gland
- Parotid duct and pathway
- Relationship to neurovasculature
Clinical Correlations
- Inferior alveolar nerve block
- Danger Triangle of Face
- Lymphatic drainage of the face / superficial ring (pericervical collar) of lymph nodes
- Fracture of neck of mandible and injury to maxillary artery and auriculotemporal nerve
- Jaw thrust (airway obstruction)
- Dislocation of the TMJ
- Paralysis of facial muscles (Bell’s palsy)
- Trigeminal neuralgia
- Herpes zoster infection of trigeminal nerve
- Importance of scalp suturing in relation to the depth of the lesion
- Parotitis (mumps)
- Le Forte fractures