Osteology
Ilium:
- Iliac crest
- Iliac fossa
- Anterior superior iliac spine
- Anterior inferior iliac spine
- Posterior superior iliac spine
- Posterior inferior iliac spine
Ischium:
- Ischial spine
- Ischial tuberosity
Pubis:
- Pubic tubercle
Pelvic bone (hip bone/os coxa = ischium, pubis, and ilium bones fused):
- Greater sciatic notch
- Lesser sciatic notch
- Obturator foramen
- Pubic arch
- Acetabulum
Femur:
- Head
- Neck
- Greater trochanter
- Lesser trochanter
- Lateral condyle
- Medial condyle
- Adductor tubercle
- Linea aspera
Patella
Tibia:
- Medial condyle
- Lateral condyle
- Tibial tuberosity
- Shaft (Body)
- Medial malleolus
- Anterior border
Fibula:
- Head of fibula
- Lateral malleolus
Tarsal bones:
- Talus
- Calcaneus
- Navicular
- Cuboid
- Medial (1st) cuneiform
- Intermediate (2nd) cuneiform
- Lateral (3rd) cuneiform
Metatarsals
Phalanges:
- Proximal
- Middle
- Distal
Joints (Articulations)
Structural Classification of Joints:
1) Fibrous joints (lack a synovial cavity; bones joined by fibrous connective tissue).
- Suture (e.g. coronal suture)
- Syndesmosis (e.g. distal tibiofibular joint)
- Interosseous membrane (e.g. found between tibia and fibula)
2) Cartilaginous joints (lack a synovial cavity; bones joined by cartilage).
- Synchondrosis (bones joined by hyaline cartilage; e.g. joint between the first rib and manubrium of sternum)
- Symphysis (bones joined by fibrocartilage; e.g. pubic symphysis)
3) Synovial joints (have a synovial cavity [joint cavity] between bones).
- Plane joint (e.g. vertebrocostal joint)
- Hinge joint (e.g. knee joint)
- Pivot joint (e.g. atlanto-axial joint)
- Condyloid joint (e.g. radiocarpal joint)
- Saddle joint (e.g. carpometacarpal joint of thumb)
- Ball-and-socket joint (e.g. hip joint)
Joints of Lower Limb Appendicular Skeleton:
- Pubic symphysis
- Sacroiliac joint
- Hip (Acetabulofemoral) joint
- Knee joint (tibiofemoral + patellofemoral)
- Ankle joint (Talocrural joint)
- Tarsometatarsal joints
- Metatarsophalangeal joints
Muscles
Muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh:
- Iliopsoas
- Sartorius
- Quadriceps femoris (= rectus femoris + vastus lateralis + vastus intermedius + vastus medialis)
Muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh (adductor muscles):
- Gracilis
- Adductor longus
- Adductor brevis
- Adductor magnus
Gluteal muscles:
- Gluteus maximus
- Gluteus medius
- Gluteus minimus
- Piriformis
- Tensor fascia latae
Muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh (hamstring muscles):
- Biceps femoris
- Semitendinosus muscle
- Semimembranosus
Posterior leg muscles:
- Gastrocnemius
- Soleus
- Plantaris
Anterior leg muscles
- Tibialis anterior
- Extensor hallucis longus
- Extensor digitorum longus
Lateral leg muscles
- Fibularis brevis
- Fibularis longus
Anatomical Spaces/Regions
- Femoral triangle
- Adductor canal
- Adductor hiatus
- Popliteal fossa
- Tarsal tunnel
Tendons/Ligaments/Connective Tissue Structures
- Inguinal ligament
- Fascia lata
- Iliotibial tract (Iliotibial band)
- Quadriceps femoris tendon
- Patellar ligament
- Calcaneal (Achilles’) tendon
- Interosseous membrane
- Iliofemoral ligament
- Ischiofemoral ligament
- Pubofemoral ligament
- Tibial collateral ligament (medial collateral ligament of knee)
- Fibular collateral ligament (lateral collateral ligament of knee)
- Anterior cruciate ligament
- Posterior cruciate ligament
- Medial meniscus
- Lateral meniscus
- Medial collateral ligament of the ankle (deltoid ligament)
- Lateral collateral ligament of the ankle
Neurovasculature
Nerves:
- Femoral nerve
- Saphenous nerve
- Obturator nerve
- Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve
- Superior gluteal nerve
- Inferior gluteal nerve
- Posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh (or posterior femoral cutaneous nerve)
- Sciatic nerve
- Tibial nerve
- Common fibular nerve
- Sural nerve
- Superficial fibular nerve
- Deep fibular nerve
Arteries and Veins:
- Femoral artery
- Deep artery of the thigh (deep femoral a. or profunda femoris a.)
- Medial circumflex femoral artery
- Lateral circumflex femoral artery
- Popliteal artery
- Anterior tibial artery
- Posterior tibial artery
- Dorsalis pedis artery
- Superior gluteal artery & vein
- Inferior gluteal artery & vein
- Dorsal venous arch
- Small saphenous vein
- Great saphenous vein
- Anterior tibial vein
- Posterior tibial vein
- Popliteal vein
- Femoral vein
Clinical Correlates
- Bone fracture
- Dislocation of lower limb joints
- Palpation of pulses at various areas in lower limb (femoral artery pulse, popliteal artery pulse, posterior tibial artery pulse, dorsalis artery pulse)
- Lower limb reflexes (patellar reflex, calcaneal tendon reflex, plantar reflex)Understand signs and symptoms of injury to lower limb nerves (motor and/or sensory deficits)
- Femoral hernia
- Spread of infection through lymphatic drainage/lymph nodes of lower limb
- Trendelenburg sign
- Safe area to administer gluteal intramuscular injection
- Anterior & posterior drawer sign
- Unhappy triad injury
- Genu varum (bow-leg) vs. genu valgum (knock-knee)
- Calcaneal (Achilles) tendon rupture
- Tarsal tunnel syndrome
- Plantar fasciitis
Heel spur - Flatfoot (pes planus)
- Clubfoot (talipes equinovarus)
- Hallux valgus