Osteology
Hip bones:
- Ilium
- Ischium
- Pubis
- Acetabulum
- Sacrum
- Obturator foramen
- Greater sciatic notch
- Lesser sciatic notch
- Superior pubic ramus
- Inferior pubic ramus
- Ischiopubic ramus
- Ischial spine
- Ischial tuberosity
- Iliac crest
- Anterior superior iliac spine
- Anterior inferior iliac spine
- Posterior superior iliac spine
- Posterior inferior iliac spine
- Pubic arch (subpubic angle = angle of pubic arch; wider in females than males)
- Pelvic cavity (true pelvis)
- Pelvic inlet (superior pelvic aperture)
- Pelvic brim
- Pelvic outlet
- Greater (false) pelvis
- Lesser (true) pelvis
Sacrum:
- Sacral promontory
- Anterior and posterior sacral foramina
Coccyx
Ligaments
- Sacrotuberous ligament
- Sacrospinous ligament
Pelvic floor and cavity walls
- Levator ani muscle
- Puborectalis
- Pubococcygeus
- Iliococcygeus
- Urogenital and anal hiatus
- Obturator internus muscle
- Piriformis
Female Pelvic Hemisection
- Vesicouterine (uterovesical) pouch
- Rectouterine pouch (Pouch of Douglas; Cul-de-sac of Douglas)
- Ovary
- Uterine tube and parts of uterine tube
- Infundibulum with fimbriae
- Ampulla
- Isthmus
- Uterus and parts of uterus
- Fundus and horns (cornua)
- Body
- Cervix
- Internal and external os
- Uterine cavity
- Cervical canal
- Vagina and vaginal fornix (anterior, 2 lateral, posterior)
Ligaments of the Female Pelvis
- Suspensory ligament of ovary containing ovarian vessels
- Ovarian ligament
- Round ligament of uterus
- Broad ligament of uterus (mesosalpinx, mesovarium, mesometrium)
Bladder and Rectum
- Bladder
- Retropubic (prevesical) space
- Parts of the bladder
- Body
- Fundus
- Apex
- Neck
- Detrusor muscle of bladder wall
- Internal urethral sphincter
- Trigone bounded by
- Internal urethral orifice and
- Orifices of the ureters
- Rectum
- Anorectal junction
- Anal canal
- Anal columns
- Pectinate line
- External anal orifice
Male Pelvic Hemisection
- Urethra (prostatic, membranous and spongy)
- External urethral orifice
- Ductus deferens (vas deferens; note relationship with ureter)
- Seminal gland (vesicle)
- Ejaculatory duct
- Prostate
- Rectovesical pouch
Vasculature of the Pelvis
- Common iliac artery
- External iliac artery
- Internal iliac artery
- Umbilical artery
- Obturator artery
- Superior vesical arteries
- Inferior vesical arteries
- Uterine artery
- Vaginal artery
- Middle rectal artery
- Internal pudendal artery
- Superior gluteal artery
- Inferior gluteal artery
Nerves of the pelvic cavity
- Sacral plexus (L4-S4)
- Lumbosacral trunk (L4, L5)
- Obturator nerve (L2-L4)
- Pudendal nerve (S2, S3, S4)
Boundaries of the Perineum
- Anterior: pubic symphysis
- Antero-lateral: ischiopubic rami
- Lateral: ischial tuberosities
- Postero-lateral: sacrotuberous ligaments
- Posterior: coccyx
Triangles
- An imaginary line running between the ischial tuberosities divides the perineum into triangles:
- Anterior: urogenital triangle
- Posterior: anal triangle
Anal Triangle:
- Perineal body
- Anal orifice
- Ischioanal (ischiorectal) fossa and boundaries:
- Medial: levator ani
- Lateral: obturator internus
- Pudendal nerve and branches
- Inferior rectal (anal) nerves
- Perineal nerve
- Dorsal nerve of the clitoris / Dorsal nerve of the penis
- Internal pudendal artery
- Inferior rectal artery
- Perineal artery
- Dorsal artery of the clitoris / Dorsal artery of the penis
Female external genitalia:
- Bulb of the vestibule (paired)
- Three paired muscles
- Bulbospongiosus muscle
- Ischiocavernosus muscle
- Superficial transverse perineal muscle
- Labia majora
- Labia minora
- Vestibule of the vagina (area between labia minora)
- Clitoris
- External urethral orifice
- Vaginal orifice
Male external genitalia and superficial perineal pouch
- Corpus spongiosum
- Corpora cavernosum
- Paired muscles
- Bulbospongiosus muscles
- Ischiocavernosus muscles
- Parts of the penis
- Root
- Crus of the penis (continuous with corpus cavernosum)
- Bulb of the penis (continuous with corpus spongiosum)
- Body (shaft)
- Dorsal & ventral surfaces
- Glans penis
- External urethral orifice
- Superficial dorsal vein of penis
- Deep dorsal vein of penis
- Dorsal artery of penis
- Deep artery of penis
- Dorsal nerve of penis
Clinical Correlations
- Tear/rupture of the perineal body
- Episiotomy
- Pudendal nerve block
- Digital rectal examination
- Benign prostatic hypertrophy
- Measuring obstetric and diagonal conjugate
- Hysterectomy and the significance of positioning between the uterine artery and ureter
- Rupture of Urethra in Males and Extravasation of Urine
- Prostate cancer
- Uterine prolapse
- Role of autonomic nerves in male erection and ejaculation
- Role of posterior vaginal fornix with Culdoscopy